共同促进和保护人权 携手构建人类命运共同体
Work Together to Promote and Protect Human Rights and Build a Community of Shared Future for Mankind
王毅
Wang Yi
2017年2月27日
27 February 2017
中国国家主席习近平1月中旬在联合国日内瓦总部发表演讲，深入阐述了共同构建人类命运共同体这一时代命题，引起各方热烈反响。人类命运共同体理念植根于源远流长的中华文明，契合国际社会求和平、谋发展、促合作的共同愿望，为应对当前突出全球性挑战指明了根本出路，对完善国际人权治理也具有重要启示。
In his speech at the UN office in Geneva in mid-January, President Xi Jinping addressed in great depth the subject of building of a community of shared future for mankind, which is the call of our time. The speech has been well received by various parties. The vision of a community of shared future for mankind is rooted in the time-honored Chinese civilization and answers the call of the international community for peace, development and cooperation. It puts forth an important pathway for addressing the prominent global challenges and is also highly relevant for improving international human rights governance.
（一）“人人得享人权”是人类孜孜以求的崇高目标。在“人类两度身历惨不堪言之战祸”后，我们的先辈们痛定思痛，成立了联合国，以“促成大自由中之社会进步和民生改善”。国际人权事业掀开了新的篇章。
I “Human rights for all” is a lofty goal that mankind has consistently pursued. After “the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind”, our forefathers, based on the hard lessons learned, decided to establish the United Nations to “promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom”. A new chapter was opened in the international human rights cause.
联合国成立70多年来，见证了国际人权事业的发展和进步。世界相对和平与安宁，大多数国家和地区的人民免受战争和冲突影响，和平权和生命权总体得到保障。在联合国千年发展目标指引下，全球11亿人脱贫，发展中国家小学净入学率达到91%，全球可获取饮用自来水人口增加19亿，35亿人可使用互联网。各国人民生活水平总体提高，生存权和发展权取得巨大成就。国际社会接过历史接力棒，制定联合国2030年可持续发展议程，勾画出2030年实现零贫困的宏伟蓝图。人权主流化趋势深入发展，国际人权合作蓬勃发展，公正、客观、非选择性原则成为联合国人权工作的基础和遵循。
In the past 70-plus years since its inception, the United Nations has witnessed the development and progress of the international cause of human rights. The world has been broadly peaceful and tranquil, people of most countries and regions are free from wars and conflicts, and the right to peace and right to life have been safeguarded on the whole. Guided by the UN Millennium Development Goals, 1.1 billion people around the world have been lifted out of poverty. Net enrollment rate in primary education in developing countries has reached 91 percent, global population with access to drinking tap water has risen by 1.9 billion and 3.5 billion people are now connected to the internet. With tremendous progress achieved in right to survival and right to development, the living standard of people has generally improved worldwide. Building on the historical endeavors, the international community has formulated the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, drawing a grand blueprint to eradicate poverty by 2030. The human rights cause has increasingly become mainstream and international human rights cooperation has enjoyed vigorous development. The principles of impartiality, objectivity and non-selectiveness have become the foundation of UN’s work on human rights.
联合国成立70多年来，也见证了国际人权事业的风险和挑战。世界不公正、不容忍、不安宁依然存在，发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续依旧突出。全球7亿多人仍在极端贫困线上挣扎，超过1.28亿人亟需人道援助，超过6500万人逃离故土，2400万冲突地区儿童无法入学。人权政治化倾向有所上升，双重标准仍大行其道。这些“人权乱象”拷问着人类良知，侵蚀着人权的基本价值，也暴露出国际人权领域的“治理赤字”。
On the other hand, the United Nations has also witnessed risks and challenges to the international cause of human rights in the past 70-plus years. There is still injustice, intolerance and instability in our world today, and lack of adequate balance, coordination and sustainability in development. Over 700 million people still struggle in the extreme poverty and more than 128 million people are in urgent need of humanitarian assistance. Some 65 million people are displaced from homeland, 24 million children in conflict areas cannot go to school. There is a rising tendency to politicize human rights and application of double standards remains rampant. Such a disturbing situation of human rights tests the conscience of mankind and erodes the basic value of human rights. It has also exposed the “governance deficit” in the international cause of human rights.
人权保障是构建人类命运共同体的重要组成部分。我们应思考如何加强和改善全球人权治理，推动国际人权事业健康发展，助力人类命运共同体宏伟目标的实现。
To safeguard human rights is an important part of building a community of shared future for mankind. We should think about how to enhance and improve global human rights governance and promote sound development of the international cause of human rights to serve the high goal of building a community of shared future for mankind.
（二）习近平主席指出，构建人类命运共同体，要从伙伴关系、安全格局、经济发展、文明交流、生态建设等方面作出努力，建设持久和平的世界、普遍安全的世界、共同繁荣的世界、开放包容的世界、清洁美丽的世界。这对构建公正、合理的国际人权治理体系具有重要指导意义。
II President Xi Jinping pointed out that in building a community of shared future for mankind, the international community should promote partnership, security, economic development, inter-civilization exchange and ecological progress, and strive for a world of lasting peace, a world of common security for all, a world of common prosperity, an open and inclusive world and a clean and beautiful world. This provides important guidance to the building of a fair and equitable international human rights governance system.
——主权平等是促进和保护人权的根本。主权平等是当代国际关系最重要的准则，也是国际人权法和联合国人权工作的基本原则。“单丝不成线，独木难成林”。国际人权事务应由各国共同商量，全球人权治理体系要由各国共同建设，人权发展成果要由各国人民共同分享。各方应该始终恪守《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则，坚持国家主权原则，以平等的伙伴姿态开展人权交流与合作。各方都要客观公正看待他国人权事业发展，不能把人权政治化，不能借人权干涉内政，更不能搞政权更迭。事实证明，将自身价值观和人权发展模式强加于人，肆意干涉他国内政甚至发动战争，只会造成混乱，导致打开潘多拉盒式的持久动荡。这样的例子很多。
– Sovereign equality is the foundation for promoting and protecting human rights. Sovereign equality is the most important norm governing state-to-state relations, and is also a basic principle in international human rights law and UN’s work on human rights. As a Chinese saying goes, a single silk strand does not make a thread and a single tree cannot make a forest. International human rights affairs should be handled through joint consultations by all countries. The global human rights governance system should be jointly developed by all countries. And the achievements of human rights development should be shared by all people around the world. It is important to faithfully observe the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, adhere to the principle of state sovereignty, and carry out human rights exchanges and cooperation as equal partners. We all should take a fair and objective view on other countries’ human rights development. No one should politicize human rights or interfere in other countries’ internal affairs under the pretext of human rights, not to mention attempting at regime change. To impose one’s own values and model of human rights development on others, willfully interfere in others’ internal affairs or even wage wars will only result in chaos and persistent turmoil, just like opening the Pandora box. There are quite many examples.
——和平安全是促进和保护人权的前提。安全是最大的人权。战乱、冲突和地区动荡是导致大规模侵犯人权现象的主要根源。叙利亚儿童艾兰在还不懂“人权是什么”时，就已失去生存权，这值得深思。没有和平，何谈人权？没有安全，何谈尊严？没有稳定，何谈自由？各方应止戈化武、讲信修睦，为促进和保护人权提供基本的外部条件。一国人权事业的发展也离不开安全稳定的国内环境。正如同恐怖分子没有善恶之分，违法犯罪分子也没有好坏之别。法律面前人人平等，任何组织和个人犯了法，都应受到应有的处罚，这才符合真正的法治精神。各国依法打击违法犯罪、维护社会治安的努力，应该得到尊重和支持。
– Peace and security are the prerequisites for promoting and protecting human rights. Security is the paramount human right. War, conflict and turbulence in a region are the primary cause of massive violations of human rights. Alan Kurdi (Aylan Kurdi), the little Syrian boy, lost his right to survival even before he could grow old enough to understand what human rights are. This sobering case gives us much food for thought. How could one possibly enjoy human rights, dignity and freedom without first having peace, security and stability? Use of force must give way to a pursuit of peace and harmony to ensure an external environment needed for human rights promotion and protection. Domestic security and stability, too, is indispensable for any country to develop human rights. There are no such things as good criminals and bad criminals, just like no distinction could be drawn between good terrorists and bad terrorists. All are equal before the law. Any organization or individual that has violated the law must be duly punished. This is the only right way to interpret the rule of law. In this connection, the efforts of countries to crack down on criminal offences and maintain public order and security deserve respect and support.
——共同发展是促进和保护人权的关键。“仓廪实而知礼节”，发展是人类社会永恒的主题，也为实现各项人权创造了基本条件。2008年爆发的国际金融危机给全球发展事业带来重创，也为各国人民追求美好生活、维护发展权增添了挑战。各方要以联合国《发展权利宣言》为指引，坚持以“发展为基础”落实2030年议程，促进经济、社会、环境协调发展，确保人人过上有尊严的生活。各国有权平等参与发展进程，各国人民有权公平分享发展成果。国际社会要坚持南北合作主渠道，加大对发展中国家的帮扶力度，优先帮助发展中国家消除饥饿和贫困，实现生存权和发展权，“不让一个人掉队”。
– Development for all is crucial for promoting and protecting human rights. As an old Chinese saying goes, “People begin to pay attention to manners only when they have enough food to eat.” Development, an eternal pursuit of mankind, creates the basic conditions for human rights to be realized. The 2008 financial crisis dealt a heavy blow to global development and added to the challenges of people around the world to pursue a better life and uphold their right to development. We should follow the UN Declaration on the Right to Development, take a development-based approach in implementing the 2030 Agenda, promote coordinated economic, social and environmental development, and deliver a decent life to all. Countries are entitled to participate as equals in development undertakings, and all peoples have the right to a fair share of development benefits. The international community should step up assistance to developing countries through North-South cooperation as the main channel. In rendering such assistance, elimination of hunger and poverty must be prioritized so that people in developing countries can realize their rights to survival and development. We must make sure that no one is left behind.
——包容互鉴是促进和保护人权的动力。“世界上没有两片完全相同的树叶”。社会因包容而丰富，文明因多样而精彩。世界上没有放之四海而皆准的人权发展道路和保障模式。人权事业是各国经济社会发展的重要组成部分，必须根据各国国情和人民需求加以推进。各国人权发展理念和实践的丰富多彩，应该成为国际人权事业欣欣向荣的源泉，而不应成为各方对抗对立的根源。不同国家、文明和族群之间应平等交流，相互借鉴，取长补短，共同进步。各方应尊重他国人民自主选择的人权发展道路，坚持建设性对话，妥善处理人权分歧，共同寻求促进和保护人权的有效途径。
– Inclusiveness and mutual learning are conducive to promoting and protecting human rights. No two tree leaves are exactly the same. Inclusiveness makes a society vibrant, while diversity defines a splendid civilization. There is no one-size-fits-all path or model to develop and protect human rights. As an integral part of any country’s economic and social development, human rights must be advanced in light of specific national circumstances and people’s needs. The varied approaches and practices of different countries in human rights development should serve as a source of strength for human rights development in the world, rather than a cause of confrontation or rivalry. Different countries, civilizations and ethnicities should communicate as equals, learn from and complement each other, and make progress together. We need to respect the path of human rights development chosen by the people themselves, and pursue constructive dialogue to properly handle differences and jointly explore effective ways to promote and protect human rights.
——民主民生是促进和保护人权的抓手。民主和民生是人权的两个方面，如鸟之两翼、车之双轮，都是国际人权事业的重要奋斗目标。经济、社会和文化权利与公民政治权利相互联系，不可分割。各项人权同等重要，不可偏废。各国应根据本国经济社会发展实际和人民需求，平衡推进两类人权，将人权的普遍性和特殊性结合起来，统筹个人权利和集体权利，兼顾权利和义务。
– Democracy and people’s well-being are important means to promote and protect human rights. They are two dimensions of human rights, like the two wings of a bird or two wheels of a vehicle. They both are important goals of international human rights development. Economic, social and cultural rights are connected with and inseparable from civil and political rights. The various human rights are equally important. None should be emphasized at the expense of another. Countries should advance these two main categories of human rights in a balanced way that reflects their social and economic reality and the needs of their people. In this process, due regard should be given to both the universality and particularity of human rights, both individual and collective rights, and both rights and obligations.
（三）中国始终高举人权旗帜，既努力提高本国人权发展水平，又积极推动国际人权事业的发展。
III China is committed to advancing human rights. While striving to improve human rights of its own people, China is also contributing to human rights development in the world.
——中国是人权发展道路的探索者。我们坚持人权普遍性与特殊性相统一，坚持集体人权与个人人权相统一，坚持民主与民生协调推进，坚持两类人权协调推进，走出一条适合国情的中国特色人权发展道路，取得巨大成就。中国已成为全球第二大经济体，2016年国内生产总值突破70万亿人民币。我们解决了13亿多人民的温饱问题，减少了7亿多贫困人口，占全球减贫人口总数的70%以上，率先实现贫困人口减半的千年发展目标，为人类减贫事业作出了巨大贡献。中国为7.7亿人提供就业，实现9年义务教育全覆盖，关爱2.3亿老年人、700多万大学毕业生和8500万残疾人，保障6000多万城乡低保人口基本生活，人均预期寿命从1949年的35岁提高到现在的76岁多，被联合国誉为“过去30年间发展最快的国家”。中国民主法治建设持续推进，司法领域人权保障取得重大进展，人民依法享有的民主权利和自由更加广泛。中国切实保障少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人等特定群体合法权利，人权成就有目共睹。中国人权事业巨大成就充分彰显了中国的制度优势和道路优势。
– China has been actively exploring a path of human rights development. We believe that human rights have both universality and particularity, collective and individual human rights should be harmonized, progress in democracy should come with betterment of people’s lives, and the two categories of human rights should be advanced in a coordinated way. We have blazed a distinctly Chinese path of human rights development tailored to China’s national circumstances, and have scored many proud achievements. China has become the world’s second largest economy. Last year, China’s GDP exceeded RMB 70 trillion. The government is able to provide adequate food and clothing for the 1.3 billion people. Over 700 million Chinese have been lifted out of poverty, which accounts for more than 70 percent of poverty reduction worldwide, making China the first to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halving the proportion of people living in poverty. This is a major contribution to the world. Currently, the government creates jobs for 770 million people. Every child and teenager enjoys nine-year compulsory education. Care and support is provided to 230 million senior citizens, over 7 million college graduates and 85 million people with disabilities. More than 60 million urban and rural residents receive subsistence allowance from the government. The life expectancy of the Chinese people has been raised from 35 years in 1949 to over 76 years now. The UN lauded China for enjoying the most rapid development in the past 30 years. Democracy and the rule of law have been advanced in China, judicial work and human rights protection have registered major progress, and Chinese people enjoy far greater democratic rights and freedoms than before. The lawful rights of ethnic minorities, women, children, senior citizens and the disabled are safeguarded and upheld. These notable achievements are there for all to see and demonstrate the strength of the Chinese system and development path.
——中国是全球人权治理的参与者。中国始终秉持平等互信、包容互鉴、合作共赢的精神，全面深入参与国际人权合作，推动建立公正、合理的国际人权体系。去年，中国以180票的高票第四次当选联合国人权理事会成员，成为为数不多的四次当选的国家，充分体现了国际社会对中国人权事业发展的肯定。中国加入包括《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》等6项核心人权公约在内的26项国际人权公约，认真履行国际人权义务，多次接受国别人权审查和人权公约履约审议。我们同近40个国家举行人权对话与交流，同联合国人权机构开展建设性合作，为国际人权治理注入了动力。在此过程中，我们深刻感到，对话合作比对抗对立好，交流互鉴比相互指责强。这也是大多数联合国会员国的共同心声。
– China plays an active part in global human rights governance. Following the principles of equality, mutual trust, inclusiveness, mutual learning and win-win cooperation, China is deeply involved in all aspects of international human rights cooperation and works for a just and fair international human rights system. Last year, China was elected to the UN Human Rights Council for the fourth time with as many as 180 votes. The fact that few countries have been elected as many times is a good demonstration of the world’s recognition of China’s progress. China has joined 26 international human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and five other core human rights conventions. China takes its human rights obligations seriously and has duly received Universal Periodic Reviews and reviews on implementation of human rights conventions. We conduct human rights dialogue and exchange with nearly 40 countries and carry out constructive cooperation with UN human rights agencies. All this contributes to international human rights governance. We feel keenly that dialogue and cooperation works better than confrontation, and that exchange and mutual learning works better than finger-pointing. This view is shared by the majority of UN member states.
——中国是国际人权事业的助力者。截至2016年，中国累计对外提供援款4000多亿元人民币，向69个国家提供医疗援助，派遣60多万援助人员，为120多个发展中国家落实千年发展目标提供帮助。中国—联合国和平与发展基金已投入运营，南南合作援助基金正式启动，将为促进世界和平与发展事业作出新的贡献。中国将于今年5月在北京主办“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛，让这一倡议更好造福世界。正如习近平主席指出，世界好，中国才能好；中国好，世界才更好。中国的发展将为全球人权事业作出新的更大贡献。
– China is a strong supporter of the international human rights cause. By the end of 2016, China has provided over RMB400 billion of foreign aid, and rendered medical assistance to 69 countries. Over 600,000 Chinese aid workers have been sent abroad and help has been given to more than 120 developing countries in meeting the MDGs. The China-UN Peace and Development Fund is up and running and the South-South Cooperation Assistance Fund has been launched, both of which will contribute to the cause of world peace and development. This May, China will host the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in Beijing to make sure that the Belt and Road Initiative will deliver greater benefits to the world. As President Xi has pointed out, China will do well only when the world does well, and vice versa. The world will see that while developing itself, China will make an even bigger contribution to global human rights.
中国共产党将于今年召开第十九次全国代表大会，这是在中国发展的关键阶段召开的重要会议。我们将继续按照创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念，继续统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局，协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，坚持道路自信、理论自信、制度自信和文化自信，努力实现到2020年国内生产总值和城乡居民人均收入比2010年翻番、全民脱贫、人民民主更加健全、法治政府基本建成等目标。
The Communist Party of China will hold the 19th National Congress later this year, a pivotal conference that coincides with a crucial stage of China’s development. We will continue to act on the vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development; advance balanced progress in five key areas; implement the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy; and remain confident as ever of the path, theories, system and culture of our own country. We are determined to meet the goals we have set for 2020, including doubling the 2010 GDP and per capita income in rural as well as urban areas, eliminating poverty, improving people’s democracy and realizing law-based governance.
当前，中国正在为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而努力。中国的人权梦就是国家富强、人民幸福之梦，也是促进世界和平发展、合作共赢之梦。让我们共同努力，在全球范围内促进和保护人权，让人人得享人权。
The Chinese people are pursuing the “Two Centenary Goals” and the Chinese dream of great national rejuvenation. China’s human rights aspiration is for our country to be strong and prosperous, for our people to enjoy happiness and for the world to have peace, development and win-win cooperation. Let us work together to promote and protect human rights worldwide so that human rights are truly enjoyed by all humans.
（编辑：杨昱芳美孜）